Early Spanish and Mexican records may have much to tell us about the ancient Southwest. Those records, of course, recount events and conditions of their times, but many also contain startling information apparently relevant to older places like Chaco Canyon and Casas Grandes. From Villagra to von Humboldt, I’ll review a dozen possible/potential/probable insights for deeper history found in early colonial documents. And contextualize these, in light of Native accounts and archaeological data.